Czech man who raised two kids to adulthood denied early retirement available to mothers. System lowers women's pension age based on number of children raised. Justified by communist-era double burden of full-time work, childcare, and housework on women. ECHR rules difference not discriminatory due to objective historical reasons. States have wide margin of discretion in pension reforms amid demographic changes. Gradual equalization preferred over abrupt changes for stability. Post-communist countries lag in gender equality including retirement ages. Poland retains differentiated ages favoring women politically. Czechs phased out differences starting with younger women and fewer children. Court distinguishes short-term parental leave from long-term pension impacts. No violation of anti-discrimination under European Convention. Pension systems demand predictability and contribution fairness. Tribunals rarely side with unequal treatment but did here for women. Communist pseudo-emancipation left legacy of compensatory measures. Men in analogous child-rearing get no pension break. Reform must balance aging populations and migrations.