Africans show higher genetic diversity with 54 variant sites versus 44 in non-Africans. Non-Africans have 31 unique African variants absent. Nucleotide diversity nearly identical at 0.085% Africans and 0.082% non-Africans. No severe bottleneck in non-African evolution. Mild bottleneck possible due to fewer non-African variants. Excess low-frequency variants signals recent population expansions. Region is selectively neutral per statistical tests. MRCA of all humans is 1.29 million years old. Non-African MRCA is 634,000 years old. African MRCA is 1.03 million years old. Higher doubletons in Africans indicate recent African migrations. Oceanians have lowest diversity at 0.057% pi. Greatest diversity between Africans and Europeans at 0.108% pi. Mutation rate is 1.15 × 10−9 per nucleotide per year. Effective population size around 10,000. Ancient histories even in non-Africans contradict complete African replacement. Human evolution more complex than simple Out-of-Africa model. Gene flow and selection likely shaped modern humans in subdivided populations.