The earliest divergence in the human population was between Khoesan hunter-gatherers (KS) and other human populations. A recent study of the ancient genome (9) confirms that it was a minimum of >260 kya (thousands of years ago) for the divergence of KS with other human lineages, as proposed by Scally and Durbin in 2012. It is worth adding that the Denisovans diverged a maximum of 700kya, and the Neanderthal 600kya. The maximum is 600kya, while KS separated a minium of 260kya. Rain Forest Foragers separation is estimated at up to 150 kya (10). Both of these estimates may be about ∼100,000 years older than previous estimates suggesting an archaic population structure on the continent. Archaeogenomic studies of Stone Age to Iron Age populations from North Asia have revealed high genetic concordance with modern populations, suggesting long-term genetic continuity. A decline in genetic diversity and the size of the effective maternal population was observed around seven thousand years ago. The results indicate a complex demographic history of the region during the Holocene period.