In Khoesan (San, !Kung) and pygmies (Biaka, Mbuti): Stronger signal (up to 19%), with archaic haplotypes similar to Homo erectus or Homo habilis. For example, a 2019 study found at least one admixation event in Southern Africa, with variants with divergence suggesting lineage separation ~1 million years ago. Archaic variants are DNA fragments that show high divergence (sequence differences) compared to the typical Homo sapiens genome, indicating introgression (gene penetration) from separate evolutionary lineages. These are not specific "genes" in the sense of protein-coding genes, but rather blocks of haplotypes (sets of alleles on chromosomes) that persist in the genome